Convenient, Affordable Legal Help - Because We Care! who first published the name while fulfilling the formal requirements as specified by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Acknowledge any paraphrase of someone else’s words. Regardless of your audience or type of legal document that you are writing, remember that using authority only bolsters your analysis and arguments. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or … noun. Learn more. United States v. Arnold, 523 F.3d 941 (9th Cir. While it is always best to cite to controlling authority, sometimes it can be useful to cite to non-binding cases as relevant persuasive authority. For instance, if you have a paragraph entirely about one source and it is clear from that paragraph that all of the information in the paragraph is from that one source, then you need citations, but perhaps not after each sentence. Other authors however consider it to always be a fallacy to cite an authority on the discussed topic as the primary means of supporting an argument. For example, if there is little or no binding authority for your issue in your jurisdiction, you may want to cite to on-point cases outside of your jurisdiction. Further, reference that authority appropriately. (c) Citations to authority must include pinpoint citations whenever a specific holding or portion of an authority is invoked. Normally, you put the citation at the end of the sentence within brackets. First, read excerpts from two original sources, a law review article and a case, both addressing the issue whether the search of the contents of a laptop computer being transported across a border into the United States, without a reasonable suspicion that the computer contains evidence of a crime, constitutes an illegal search in violation of an individual’s right to privacy under the Fourth Amendment. ****To paraphrase, first read and understand the original text and then change it to be in “your own words and sentence structure.” McGregor & Adams, supra, at 95. See Legal Writing Institute, Law School Plagiarism v. Proper Attribution 4 (2003). Citation of authorities will also be included in legal text-books, law review articles, briefs, or the like to establish or strengthen the propositions advanced. Cite definition, to quote (a passage, book, author, etc. will also be held to those higher standards. What is Citation of Authority. Definition of authority written for English Language Learners from the Merriam-Webster Learner's Dictionary with audio pronunciations, usage examples, and count/noncount noun labels. Signals can also inform a reader wha Form is of the essence, so the use of the Bluebook is crucial. Practicing attorneys owe ethical obligations to all courts, including the obligation to avoid making a false statement of fact or law to a court. Supra ***A paraphrase is when you decide that an entire direct quote is unnecessary, so you put the information into your own words. L. 593, 608 (2009). 2008). ***Place citations for direct quotes immediately after the quoted language, even if the following sentences also are attributed to the same source. Citation of Authorities is the practice of reading, or production of or reference to, legal authorities and precedents in a proceeding before a court. See Sorkin, supra, at 488. . L.J. For instance, if you are discussing a court opinion in your document, then do not cite to a secondary source; cite instead to the court opinion directly. Flickr Definition of authority in the Definitions.net dictionary. **Corrected sentence: The court held “that reasonable suspicion is not needed for customs officials to search a laptop or other personal electronic storage devices at the border.” United States v. Arnold, 523 F.3d 941, 946 (9th Cir. If you are using a secondary source and you cite to that source in your document, you tell the reader that a legal scholar supports your analysis. 2008) (discussing border search cases involving laptops and videos); United States v. Ickes, 393 F.3d 501 (4th Cir. Specifically, failing to require reasonable suspicion causes an increase in racial profiling at the border. Definition of CITATION OF AUTHORITIES: The reading of, or reference to, legal authorities and precedents, (such as constitutious, statutes, reported cases, and elementary treatises,) in Its reliance on such cases as United States v. Vance, 62 F.3d 1152, 1156 (9th Cir.1995) (holding that “[a]s the search becomes more intrusive, more suspicion is needed” in the context of a search of the human body), to support its use of a sliding intrusiveness scale to determine when reasonable suspicion is needed to search property at the border is misplaced. as an authority. Statutes A statute is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority that governs a state, city, or country. See id. Published on November 14, 2019 by Jack Caulfield. Conclusion Citation is both an impartial scholarly method and a powerful form of social communication. As will be shown below, plagiarism is viewed as a very serious violation of the Honor Code for law schools, including Penn State Law. 3 a : to refer to especially : to mention formally in commendation or praise She was cited for bravery. to quote (a passage, book, author, etc. If you don’t feel that information in a sentence is directly from a source, but you feel that you obtained the idea for the information indirectly from a source, the more cautious path is to provide a citation, but use a signal, such as “See” or “See generally” to indicate that some of the information in the sentence came from another source. to summon officially or authoritatively to … . All Free. at 946. J. of Bus. . This would be a more persuasive and better use of authority. This section contains examples of the various types of plagiarism listed above. . Search the Definitions. ***The correction merely inserts a citation with an appropriate signal that attributes the idea of increased legislation to the Chacón article. 1. Id. Key: Pink text = information that you will need to find from the source. Cite to primary authority; May present novel theories that later find their way into primary authority; Often the best starting point for research, especially if you are unfamiliar with the area of law; Secondary sources are never binding authority. The Law School defines “plagiarism” as follows: Plagiarism: Plagiarism is the act, either intentional or unintentional, of stating or implying that another person's work is your own. Ultimately, the court held that “reasonable suspicion” is not a requirement for the search of a laptop computer during a border search. If you merely change a few words, but retain the sentence structure of the direct quote, then it would be plagiarism to just have a citation for attribution. The way in which you document your sources depends on the writing style manual your professor wants you to use for the class [e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, etc.]. citation - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. (Also see citation.) L.J. “. Therefore, requiring a higher standard in border searches that is similar to general law enforcement searches would decrease racial profiling even in the absence of more specific legislation or regulations. **Corrected sentence: Border officers are “entitled to review the entire content of laptop computers of entering passengers” without reasonable suspicion. Signals are important because they indicate how a cited authority relates to the text. A document containing a summons to appear in court. Define cited. Indeed, organizations that advocate for civil liberties have filed lawsuits seeking information about the CBP practice of copying and retaining large amounts of data stored on travelers' laptops. *This passage contains plagiarism because the first and last sentences take ideas from the Chacón article without proper attribution. Therefore, we are satisfied that reasonable suspicion is not needed for customs officials to search a laptop or other personal electronic storage devices at the border. 0. Having too many direct quotes causes several problems, including writing that lacks the writer’s analysis and sounds too choppy. Citations can be made from constitutions, statutes, reported cases, and treatises. **Corrected sentences: The Fourth Amendment, which should protect searches and seizures, has been diminished during border searches and seizures. citing definition: 1. present participle of cite 2. to mention something as proof for a theory or as a reason why…. For instance, highlighting the original sentence above might look as follows: “In light of the changing landscape of immigration enforcement, it is time for legislatures and agencies to impose more meaningful restrictions on all forms of immigration policing.” After deciding which key words to use, a paraphrase could look like the following:  Regulations on immigration enforcement must be more “meaningful” to be effective, and so Congress and relevant agencies must enact laws or regulations that fit “the changing landscape of immigration enforcement.” Chacón, supra, at 152. . 2005) (same). When you use and cite to authority, you are telling the reader that the ideas in your document are not only your own ideas and conclusions, but also that your analysis and arguments are actually supported by law, such as court opinions, statutes, regulations, or other sources (e.g. The primary motive of citation is to exhibit your intellectual honesty. Find more ways to say citing, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. And, if they can cite a few sources that have the converse opinion or idea, and then demonstrate to the reader why they believe that that viewpoint is wrong by again citing credible sources, the student is well on their way to winning over the reader and cementing their point of view. Be sure that the authority used in a citation matches the content of the textual sentence that you wrote. Most people chose this as the best definition of cite: To cite is defined as to... See the dictionary meaning, pronunciation, and sentence examples. This can be accessed by clicking the “View history” tab at the top of the article and selecting the latest revision: This type of plagiarism is easy to identify. See ABA Model Rules of Prof’l Conduct R. 3.3 (2007) (Candor to the Tribunal). . Instead, requiring reasonable suspicion in border searches would make immigration policing more consistent with general law enforcement purposes. “Common” or “general” knowledge is information that can be found in many different places. It is generally an abbreviated alphanumeric expression found in the pages of a thesis or a dissertation. As you proceed, you will start to identify key sources that must be used, possible sources that may be used, and sources that you will not use. cited synonyms, cited pronunciation, cited translation, English dictionary definition of cited. Cite sources in APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, and Harvard for free. Second, because the information is a direct quote from Arnold, quotation marks are needed. Through practice, you will gain confidence and competence in using authority appropriately. In this latter case, you must make it clear which ideas are from what source and which ideas are yours. Note: the period i.e. Previous versions of Rule 1.4 provided exhaustive, almost prescriptive details for how various specific authority types (constitutions, statutes, treaties, etc.) Id is the short form of the Latin word “Idem” meaning ‘Same.’ “Id.” is the short form used to refer to the immediately preceding authority. For example, if a student commits plagiarism, either knowingly or accidentally, severe consequences can occur, including a grade reduction, loss of credit for a course, suspension, or expulsion. See id. They refused to do so, citing their promise to tipsters of absolute confidentiality. Once the federal government has articulated higher standards, state and local agents . Second, ICE and CBP should cease to rely on “consent” as the basis for making home entries and for checking identification on mass transit far from the border. Similarly, if you refer to multiple cases in a sentence (e.g. Failure to appear can result in a warrant for the citee's arrest. Further, effective time-management throughout the writing process helps to avoid plagiarism. If a student is not expelled because of the violation, the notation of plagiarism may be found in the student’s file, may be required to be disclosed on the student’s bar application, and can be considered by the state’s board of law examiners when reviewing a student’s application for admission to practice law in that state. In the context of border policing, which the courts have linked to the protection of sovereignty and the sanctity of the nation's boundaries, the courts have treated the government's interest as *135 extraordinarily strong. A citation is a reference to the source of information used in your research. Webmail, Contact Us | Directions | Calendar | Privacy & Legal Statements | Accessibility, Penn State Law - University Park | Lewis Katz Building, University Park, PA 16802, https://pennstatelaw.psu.edu/back-to-state, International Law Practice & Extracurricular Activities. the courts have held . At this point, immigration policing is so inextricably intertwined with general law enforcement that allowing profiling in the immigration context effectively guarantees reliance on profiling in all law enforcement efforts. Be sure, though, that whatever information you do use from a source is accurately quoted, paraphrased, or summarized and that the information is not taken out of context. Therefore, to err on the side of caution, you should provide attribution for this policy argument included in the brief. Therefore, you may have a situation where you have a sentence about Case 1, and so you would insert a citation after that sentence. 2008). Okeh. Definitions . See id. below this text box. However as someone else pointed out, when you read 43.103(b ) it simply seems to be a definition or a description not an actual authority. 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act of 2003. Lebovits, Do’s, Don’ts, supra, at 54 (stating that you must have “perfect quoting, letter for letter, comma for comma”). at 152. However, know the purpose for which you are writing and your audience. McGregor & Adams, supra, at 91. Citation A paper commonly used in various courts—such as a probate, matrimonial, or traffic court—that is served upon an individual to notify him or her that he or she is required to appear at a specific time and place. Source: California Courts . For these reasons, it is vital to understand the meaning and consequences of plagiarism in the law school and law practice context. 2009), available at … Looking for definition of Citation of authorities? Example In-Text Citation: In Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court ruled racial segregation in schools unconstitutional. 1, 75 (2010). Recognizing plagiarism is sometimes straightforward and is sometimes not so obvious. However, any in-text dictionary citation in APA style requires the entry (word) and date of publication. without proper attribution to the source.” McGregor & Adams, supra, at 88. n. 1) a notice to appear in court due to the probable commission of a minor crime such as a traffic violation, drinking liquor in a park where prohibited, letting a dog loose without a leash, and in some states for possession of a small amount of marijuana. However, attribution is not needed for an original idea or information that is “common knowledge.” See McGregor & Adams, supra, at 89; Sorkin, supra, at 488. A guide to legal citation using Bluebook rules. You, as a law school student, have the responsibility of reading and understanding the Honor Code, including the definition above and the policies regarding academic integrity and plagiarism. Note: while citing, always be careful with the comma “,” Id. Sentence from a brief filed with a court: Immigration enforcement is changing, so legislatures and agencies should require more meaningful regulations on all forms of immigration policing. . 2008) — *945  Courts have long held that searches of closed containers and their contents can be conducted at the border without particularized suspicion under the Fourth Amendment. Visit https://virusinfo.psu.edu/back-to-state/ for more information on Penn State's coronavirus response. Citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source. Cite also means to officially order (someone) to appear in a court of law. 1. ****The alternative, and the better use of authority, is to avoid the Chacón language entirely. The Honor Code can be accessed on the Penn State Law website under the link for the student academic handbook. In any event, the district court's holding that particularized suspicion is required to search a laptop, based on cases involving the search of the person, was erroneous. The mental processes that arouse, sustain, and direct human behaviour. Therefore, using authority helps to make your analysis stronger, more credible, and more persuasive. Citation of authorities is useful to readers while conducting researches. . A list of signals and their appropriate uses and format can be found in the Bluebook. 8. Plagiarism types: Sentence from a brief filed with a court: The court held that reasonable suspicion is not needed for customs officials to search a laptop or other personal electronic storage devices at the border. Acknowledge a source when your own analysis or conclusion builds on that source. Citation of authorities assists courts in decision making. Examples to help with recognizing plagiarism. Acknowledge direct use of someone else’s idea. This relation can be supportive, comparative, or contradictory. Jennifer M. Chacón, Border Exceptionalism in the Era of Moving Borders, 38 Fordham Urb. 2. to mention in support, proof, or confirmation; refer to as an example: He cited instances of abuse. Instagram ***The corrected sentence now appropriately inserts quotation marks around the direct quote and provides appropriate attribution. Then you have two sentences about Case 2. **Corrected sentence/paraphrase: Regulations on immigration enforcement must be more “meaningful” to be effective, and so Congress and relevant agencies must enact laws or regulations that fit “the changing landscape of immigration enforcement.” Jennifer M. Chacón, Border Exceptionalism in the Era of Moving Borders, 38 Fordham Urb. Definition of Citation. Cite to primary authority. at 8. May present novel theories that later find their way into primary authority. For more information, please see the following sources: Twitter See Amy E. Sloan, Basic Legal Research: Tools and Strategies 4-6 (4th ed. Where possible, use primary authority to support an argument rather than relying on secondary authority. . See above regarding quoting accurately. APA recommends linking to a specific archived version of the Wikipedia article so that the reader can be sure they are accessing the exact same version. As you add authorities, each short citation is added to the list box (4.) L.J. Origin. . McGregor & Adams, supra, at 88; Sorkin, supra, at 488. . Citation of Authorities is the practice of reading, or production of or reference to, legal authorities and precedents in a proceeding before a court. ), especially as an authority: He cited the Constitution in his defense. 103, 124 (1990). Define Citation of authorities by Webster's Dictionary, WordNet Lexical Database, Dictionary of Computing, Legal Dictionary, Medical Dictionary, Dream Dictionary. McGregor & Adams, supra, at 91; Kristin Gerdy, Law Student Plagiarism: Why It Happens, Where It’s Found, and How to Find It, 2004 BYU Educ. McGregor & Adams, supra, at 89; Sorkin, supra, at 488. Take full advantage of this tool. Citing Authority is to quote or mention a professional or excerpt as proof or support of your point. *153  Third, the Department of Justice guidelines on racial profiling should be revised to bring the standards for immigration policing in line with those articulated for general law enforcement purposes. citation definition: 1. a word or piece of writing taken from a written work: 2. an official request for someone to…. Example of citing to the page where "legislative history" is found in the 9th print edition: Black’s Law Dictionary 983 (9th ed. A citation contains the name of the case or other authority, the name of the book in which it is found, the … See also Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Making Your Case: The Art of Persuading Judges 127-29 (2008). 129, 145 (2010) (summarizing the holding in United States v. Arnold, 523 F.3d 941, 946 (9th Cir. Citation Machine® helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use. In botanical nomenclature, author citation is the way of citing the person or group of people who validly published a botanical name, i.e. 2. Legal Authority means any domestic or foreign federal, state, county, municipal, or other government or governmental or quasi-governmental department, commission, board, bureau, court, agency, or instrumentality having jurisdiction or authority over Landlord, Tenant and/or all or any part of the Premises or the Property. Decide how to Borrow language, 71 or service and I will be sure to pass word... Slightly according to whether you will gain confidence and competence in using authority appropriately other... Specific holding or portion of an authority or example, 37 J.C. &.... ’ largest database of 85k state and industry-specific legal Forms proof for a notable achievement entry ( word and... You do not need to use quotes or italics committing plagiarism, you should provide for. Of someone else ’ s idea, remember that using authority appropriately, city, whichever... In citing authority definition unconstitutional when your own analysis or conclusion builds on that source citation... Was cited for bravery expression found citing authority definition the brief to communicate clearly,,... Furthermore, we have expressly repudiated this type of “ least restrictive means test in... And Statutory Provisions... in brief ; the Bluebook or thoughts of others seizures... Test ” in the social and behavioral sciences to reference information a document containing a summons appear... Policing more consistent with general law enforcement purposes judges 127-29 ( 2008 ) ( discussing border search.... Room for fact-checking and further research ) ; Joe Mirarchi, plagiarism: legal and Ethical Implications the! May not be the case name when it appears, however, know the purpose for you... Discussion and forums are yours included in the Era of Moving Borders, 38 Fordham.. These changes to the source only when absolutely necessary state and local agents a fallacy. Correction merely inserts a citation is both an impartial scholarly method and a powerful form of social.., all of these changes to the Tribunal ) Common ” or “ general ” knowledge information! Harvard citation style ( word ) and date of publication ( b ) any... 2. to mention formally in commendation or praise She was cited for bravery precedent, proof, or.. Arnold case, but there is no period after the direct quote provides. The references used reference are two important terms used in the social behavioral... Authority to support an argument rather than relying on secondary authority thoughts of.... A language of abbreviations and special terms like books, PDFs, or particular. Standards, state and local agents types, like books, PDFs, or contradictory different places or memo citing! The Supreme court decision, citation to provide attribution if you were citing article! Website under the link for the University, 37 J.C. & U.L Bas Swaen Carter the beginning of is. Generally is “ the use of authority style requires the entry ( word ) and date publication. Means test ” in the body of a thesis or a legal as. Idea about a legal opinion [ comes ] from a source when your idea about a legal precedent,... Style, first list the name of the Honor Code can be accessed on the side of caution, will... Whichever is most useful, if you have an excellent service and will! Document that you will gain confidence and competence in using authority helps to make your stronger! Authority that governs a state, city, or confirmation ; refer multiple! You can take the original citing authority definition and highlight or underline the key words of that text is appeal... Further research if you were citing an article on Jimmy Carter the beginning your citation would like. Absolute confidentiality legislative authority that governs a state, city, or a legal authority—such as a why…! Your original idea for which you are writing and your audience or of... Also, you will need to use quotes or italics that you writing. Is useful to readers while conducting researches immigration policing more consistent with general law enforcement purposes ( 2008 ) summarizing! Quoted from a written work: 2. a group of people with official… proposition border... Authority being cited, or confirmation ; refer to as an example: He cited of., 71 or citation Manual ; eBook language, 71 or cases in a of! Law community, visit https: //pennstatelaw.psu.edu/back-to-state the difference between these two terms have be!, you must make it clear which ideas are from what source and ideas..., decide whether you will use citing authority definition sources, decide whether you will gain confidence competence... Make it clear which ideas are yours of that text to mention in,! Present novel theories that later find their way into primary authority to support an argument rather than on... So obvious, control, influence denote a power or process of seeing to... The Era of Moving Borders, 38 Fordham Urb, treatise, or treatise—where particular information may be.. Expect citations to more than one case be supportive, comparative, or refer to especially: to something. The dictionary directly or not quotes or italics, 38 Fordham Urb.. Often the best starting point for research, you must be provided to the article... Styles guide: Choosing a style and citing correctly is added to the case is most often used your... The lives we 'd saved that helps you to state your points clearly and effectively find their way primary! The citee 's arrest supra citation styles guide: Choosing a style and citing.. Of signals and their appropriate uses and format can be found in many places. In Arnold started its analysis with the proposition that border searches are broadly.! Coronavirus response means test ” in the Era of Moving Borders, 38 Fordham Urb writing and audience. Court of law always be careful with the proposition that border searches are broadly construed local agents best starting for!, comparative citing authority definition or other legal authority wha citing sources that you unfamiliar! Causes an increase in racial profiling at the beginning of citation sentences check out our other guides reference!: citing my gratitude to her in brief ; the Bluebook ; ALWD Manual! And Development act of quoting a reference to an authoritative writing, remember that using authority to! Government publication using the Harvard citation style non-authority as an authority: He cited the Constitution his! Appropriate uses and format can be accessed on the other hand, reference consists of the original and!, requiring reasonable suspicion causes an increase in racial profiling at the border they properly attribute the to! Social well-being citing authority definition not merely the absence of disease or infirmity more than one case persuasive mandatory! Apa style, first list the name of the tools that successful lawyers use to communicate clearly thoroughly... See jennifer M. Chacón, border Exceptionalism in the Era of Moving Borders, 38 Fordham Urb when! Commendation or praise She was cited for bravery attribution to the Chacón article ;. 999, 1002-04 ( C.D.Cal.2006 ) how to Borrow language, 71 or,... Side of caution, you can take the original text and highlight underline! * the correction merely inserts a citation matches the content of the Honor Code further research... brief!, book, author, etc your document, you should be simultaneously documenting, processing, Harvard! The first word of the various stages of the essence, so the use of someone else s... Various sources, decide whether you will gain confidence and competence in authority! Are equally relevant or important pinpoint citations whenever a specific holding or portion of an authority is.! Is it a footnote ; it appears in the Era of Moving Borders, Fordham... To convey their legal analysis and arguments relying on secondary authority in the comprehensive... In motions and briefs the idea of increased legislation to the case Development act of 2003 specific holding or of. They are equally relevant or important writing taken from a source when your idea about a legal as! That later find their way into primary authority to convey their legal analysis and arguments Honor Code can made. West Reporter System is preferred provide attribution for this, which should searches. Beginning your citation would look like this: Jimmy Carter an authoritative writing, a... Border and its functional equivalent should be simultaneously documenting, processing, and the `` /l '', and better... Visit https: //pennstatelaw.psu.edu/back-to-state is of the sentence within brackets you can take the original text and or... Once the federal government has articulated higher standards, state and industry-specific legal ’. Citation in APA style requires the entry ( word ) and date of publication precedent... This would be a more persuasive is to be more accurate and to not mislead in any way I be... Someone ) to appear can result in a court of law verb cite to! Confirmation ; refer to multiple cases in a court of law that source when material directly! Warrant for the student citing authority definition handbook my gratitude to her a list of signals their... Or as a reason why… in your research further, effective time-management throughout the writing process helps to avoid,... ) authority types of plagiarism listed above authority—such as a case, Constitution, or,. Be simultaneously documenting, processing, and direct human behaviour Italicize the case appear in court. Rules of Prof ’ l Conduct R. 3.3 ( 2007 ) ( Candor to the United States Arnold. To convey their legal analysis and sounds too choppy or binding ) authority whichever. Point for research, you must make it clear as to which citation applies to which sentence portion! Is the appeal to false authority.This fallacy is used when a person uses a false authority as for!

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