Understanding which species are suitable for an individual site takes experience, and knowledge of mangrove ecology, biology and the various gradients on a site such as inundation, salinity and wave energy. Especially in delta and coastal areas where a large natural belt of mangrove exists, a significant protection against storms is possible. Such a plan can only be implemented successfully when the local community is aware of the benefits offered by mangrove forests; the lack of public awareness of the usefulness of mangrove forests for flood and erosion protection may hinder the realization of these plans. There also needs to be an investigation of the social factors that might inhibit mangrove regeneration including land tenure, site usage, site history, what restoration attempts have been tried already, and other relevant socio-economic factors such as livelihoods that impact on mangroves. So very often there is a need for education and training of local people and parties. 36/67 planting efforts) showed no surviving plants. This is an incentive for them to invest in mangrove restoration and conservation. Situated between land and sea, the mangrove forest contains many different species which, depending on their location, are more or less salt tolerant. Mangrove forests are threatened as they are converted for aquaculture on a large scale, particularly for shrimp ponds. The recovery and protection of mangroves can be increased by these plans, in which not only the ecological issues are taken into account, but also the economic and social issues (, The human factor in mangrove restoration should not be underestimated (. 2. Mangroves flourish by a depositional regime of fine sediments. Mangrove restoration is about recovering the former situation; it is the regeneration of mangrove ecosystems in areas where they were previously situated. Biswas et al., (2009) for example state that poor socio-economic conditions and intensive human intervention are enormous challenges for mangrove restoration in Southeast Asia. MAP promotes and teaches its best practice ‘Community-Based Ecological Mangrove Restoration’ (CBEMR) technique. The success of restoration through replanting seems to depend largely on availability of suitable sites and species and the involvement of the local community (Walters et al., 2008). Factors that influence the location of mangrove growth are the climate, tidal fluctuation, sedimentation, salinity and wave energy. Mr. Lewis and vice president Curtis Kruer were associated with the world’s largest and most successful seagrass and mangrove forest restoration project. These might include local or international NGOs, Environment or Forest Department staff, local government units and other relevant and interested groups. In the Building with Nature research program guidelines are created for governing eco-engineering projects. Unlike many planting projects, CBEMR works with nature and takes into account mangrove ecology and biology to restore degraded mangroves by mimicking natural processes. Through all of its work, MAP also raises awareness among those participating as to the importance of mangrove forests, whether participants are policy makers, local citizens, or NGOs. Implementing a successful method of mangrove restoration. Time series photographs of a hydrologic mangrove restoration project at West Lake Park, Hollywood, FL, USA (A) Time Zero, July 1989, (B) Time Zero + 28 months, November 1991 and … Technically, rehabilitation or restoration of mangroves can be surprisingly easy: [ T] he single most important factor in designing a successful mangrove restoration project is determining the normal hydrology (depth, duration and frequency, and of tidal flooding) of existing natural mangrove plant communities ([i.e.,] a reference site) in the area in which you wish to do restoration (Lewis, 2005, p. 409). The new Guidelines on Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration for the Western Indian Ocean Region analyze risks and challenges to restoration projects and point to potential solutions. Mangrove Restoration Project one of EU’s success stories Aug 02, 2012 News 0 Comments Identified as one of EU’s success stories in the Caribbean, Guyana’s Mangrove Restoration Project (GMRP) will be highlighted at the upcoming Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) conference in Brussels this September. Onze website maakt gebruik van cookies om het gebruik en functionaliteit te waarborgen. Mangroves are forests in intertidal areas, with medium height trees and shrubs. The protective function of mangrove forest can be split up in wave attenuation, windbreak and stabilization of the shoreline by retaining sediment (, The tidal movement of water is not disturbed by breakwaters; it is actually the roots of the mangroves that reduce the velocity of the water and capture sediment. Understand the autecology (individual species ecology) of the mangrove species at the site; Community-Based Ecological Mangrove Restoration (CBEMR) is a holistic, multi-stage approach, that includes local stakeholders and other groups from the outset. Mangroves include about 16 families and 40 to 50 species, but depending on the classification 100 species can be counted (Ellison, 2000; Christensen, 1983). Human-induced degradation is the active conversion of mangroves by humans, while natural disturbance is degradation of mangroves as a result of a change in their environment/ecology (which can have a human cause as well) (Biswas et al, 2009). Monitoring of completed schemes will enhance the understanding of the mangrove restoration (Climate tech wiki, 2013). Biswas et al., (2009) identify 5 major causes: Figure 1. The principal objectives of this project are carbon emission reduction, climate adaptation, and biodiversity conservation. Commercial exploitation of the different function of mangroves can play a role in the restoration activities. CBEMR starts with a detailed investigation of the proposed site to understand the reasons for previous mangrove losses and why mangroves are not naturally regenerating. To ensure that the mangrove forests are maintained and used in a sustainable manner (for example not torn or cut), local people and local stakeholders have to be involved in shoreline management. The advantage of this approach is that it is supported by the local population. Planting is only necessary if natural recolonization after the hydrologic restoration fails. MAP has completed EMR training workshops in Cambodia, El Salvador, French Guiana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Malaysia Myanmar, Senegal, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Thailand, and plans to additional workshops where there is interest. The MAP team engages in extensive discussions before the training to ensure the workshop is tailored to the needs of participants involved and the local mangrove conditions. Monitoring of completed schemes will enhance the understanding of the mangrove restoration (Climate tech wiki, 2013). Mangrove forests are situated in the intertidal area between land and sea. In the 1980s, CEC conducted one of the first successful mangrove restoration projects in Florida. sustainable approach to mangrove forest restoration. Kondikara et al. The level of survival of the restoration project sites ranged from 0 to 78% and only three sites, that is, These ponds are exhausted within a few years and after that abandoned as they are no longer useable. These theoretical business models should be tested and further expanded. Mangrove restoration is based on a strategy of ‘working with nature’. These activities are initiated from bottom up. Until researchers, NGOs, and government agencies can work together, mangrove restoration has an uncertain future in Sri Lanka. This will preserve habitats and ecosystems into the future. Design the restoration program at suitable sites (selected in step 4) to restore the proper hydrology and utilize natural mangrove recruitment for natural development. Mangrove restoration is based on a strategy of ‘working with nature’. Nursery and planting-focused restoration projects have a tendency to utilise only the propagules of species that are easy to handle, such as those from Rhizophora and Bruguiera which limits biodiversity, rather than selecting all the potential species that are appropriate for the site. The needs of mangroves and other wetland plants and animals are not yet fully understood. Different parties can use the mangrove ecosystem as a resource for producing products and services. There are different reasons for the reduction of mangroves. Human-induced degradation is the active conversion of mangroves by humans, while natural disturbance is degradation of mangroves as a result of a change in their environment/ecology (which can have a human cause as well) (. Mangrove forests are estuarine wetlands, the area where the river meets the sea. Local training to increase community understanding and awareness of mangrove values is needed. Ignoring the changes of topography and undulations of the site because of rigid line planting risks planting in channels or depressions, which are or will become the vital hydrological channels of a natural mangrove. Mangrove restoration projects for improving coastal resilience are underway in many places , particularly in countries like the Philippines , Bangladesh, Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand, which are heavily affected by flooding … Mangroves are very productive eco-systems; they provide benefits in different ways for many parties. Saint Lucia’s Ma Kôté mangrove forest is the largest in the Eastern Caribbean, but it recently has sustained severe damaged due to poor water circulation. The approach they offer, integrates sustainable use with commercial production and reduction of the vulnerability of coastal areas. (Tri et al., 1998). Coastal Resource Group is a 501 c 3 non-profit organization that works with public and private partners to conserve Florida’s native coastal wetlands. They work together with local partners in key mangrove countries, like Indonesia and Thailand, to promote this sustainable use. Natural regeneration is preferred, as the resulted forest is supposed to be more like the original forest (, Excavation or fill; In order for mangroves to grow, the restoration site needs to have a certain slope and a very exact tidal elevation to insure that the hydrology for the mangroves is correct. which limits biodiversity, rather than selecting all the potential species that are appropriate for the site. In order to yield successful results, coastal wetland restoration strategies need to be adapted to the rapidly-changing coastal landscape. MAP suggests that as nature does not grow in straight lines, there is no need to plant mangroves like this – planting in lines and even spacing is a terrestrial production forestry approach. Lewis and Marshall (1997) have suggested five critical steps are necessary to achieve successful mangrove restoration: 1. Red = Training;  Green = Training & Restoration. The single most important factor in designing a successful mangrove restoration project is determining the normal hydrology (depth, duration and frequency of tidal flooding) of the existing natural mangrove plant communities in the area in which you wish to do restoration. Reduction/degradation of the mangrove forest results in a loss of these ecosystem functions. The practice of mangrove restoration is grounded in the discipline of restoration ecology, which aims to “[assist] the recovery of resilience and adaptive capacity of ecosystems that have been degraded, damaged, or destroyed”. Click the link adjacent to get in touch with our team: The Mangrove Action Project (MAP) has adopted ‘Ecological Mangrove Restoration’ (EMR) as developed by Robin Lewis of Florida. Due to the loss of live mangrove roots the soil may become unable to host plants at all. Different value drivers can be translated from the above mentioned values, for example: sustainable shrimp farming, commercial charcoal production, carbon capture for compensation, tourism opportunities. MAP has actively rehabilitated mangroves in Thailand and Indonesia, as part of post-tsunami recovery, while being involved in consulting on shoreline and mangrove restoration projects elsewhere. Pilot projects are running in for example Indonesia will provide further insights. There is a big step to be made to upscale small restoration activities. The dynamic and unpredictable character of working with nature solutions, require a continuous process of decision-making. Discussion and agreement within a village about project objectives, who does the work and equitable benefit sharing, are greatly aided by mapping of the site and frequent public engagement to discuss proposed activities. mangrove restoration projects using either approach. Situated between land and sea, the mangrove forest contains many different species which, depending on their location, are more or less salt tolerant. Scientific data shows that when this method is used, the ecological functions of the mangrove forest are quickly restored. These are the intangible values of the mangrove ecosystem, which are valued by a group within society (intrinsic): These different kinds of values create a certain “willingness to pay” for the above mentioned costs. Coastal wetlands : an integrated ecosystem approach. While governments acknowledge the importance of mangroves, the success of restoration efforts has been limited. For example, to gain successful mangrove restoration at a larger scale and to limit uncoordinated fragmented initiatives it is necessary for governments to develop proactive coastal management plans to protect, enhance, restore and create mangrove forests. This created a kilometre wide belt of trees of various varieties. Furthermore, hand planting tends to ignore variations in soil elevation as planters attempt to keep propagules in straight lines. Get this from a library! Many mangrove rehabilitation or restoration projects, often implemented at a considerable cost, unfortunately overlook this fundamental criterion, and therefore sometimes meet with failure. Working-with-nature is an approach in which optimal use is made of natural dynamics, Restoration is defined as ‘an act of putting or bringing back into a former, normal, or unimpaired state or condition’. Mangrove forests are situated in the intertidal area between land and sea. The success of restoration through replanting seems to depend largely on availability of suitable sites and species and the involvement of the local community (Walters et al., 2008). [G M E Perillo;] -- Coastal Wetlands, Second Edition: An Integrated and Ecosystem Approach provides an understanding of the functioning of coastal ecosystems and the ecological services that they provide. Restoration goals and objectives can vary, the primary goal often being re-establishment of habitat and functions that have been or would otherwise be lost. How MAP can help your organization implement CBEMR techniques, © 2020 Mangrove Action Project. Restoration of ecosystems will seldom reach this initial stage, but it will more often mean returning the ecosystem to a state of effectiveness (. These are human-induced degradation and natural disturbance related. The most important is the restoration of abiotic conditions that allow natural development of mangroves (interview B. van Weesenbeeck). Mikoko Pamjoa (“Mangroves Together”) is a community-led restoration project along Gazi Bay, on Kenya’s south coast. Nine out of 23 project sites (i.e. Experiments and field observations have provided evidence for the wave attenuating function of mangrove vegetation. Physical A constraint to successful implementation of mangrove restoration is an incomplete understanding of the ability of a clear-cut, degraded wetland to recover, and of the success rates of mangrove restoration. Planting alone; inexpensive, from 100-200USD/ha. about 200–220ha showed successful mangrove restoration. The EPIC Project (IUCN and MAP) is demonstrating this through various community projects from tackling droughts in Burkina Faso to coastal erosion and floods in Thailand . Wetlands International, IUCN Netherlands and Oxfam Novib state that sustainable aquaculture production can help in restoring and conservation mangrove ecosystems. Robin successfully used the method to restore mangroves for over 30 years, and there have been a number of scientific papers written to support the technique which uses natural mangrove as a model or reference site . Restoration of ecosystems will seldom reach this initial stage, but it will more often mean returning the ecosystem to a state of effectiveness (Bosire et al, 2001). These are human-induced degradation and natural disturbance related. Understanding which species are suitable for an individual site takes experience, and knowledge of mangrove ecology, biology and the various gradients on a site such as inundation, salinity and wave energy. Wetlands International, IUCN Netherlands, Oxfam Novib – Sustianable Shrimp Production South East Asia. Mangroves are forests in intertidal areas, with medium height trees and shrubs. (Referring to the hydrology within a nearby natural mangrove will help guide decision making.) In the past decades a lot of experience has been gained with mangrove restoration in tropical areas. 36/67 planting efforts) showed no surviving plants. The coastal restoration site before and after Hurricane Irma. Only in more developed countries this type of mangrove restoration activities could possibly be performed (. Proper planning increases the success rate in this case. A constraint to successful implementation of mangrove restoration is an incomplete understanding of the ability of a clear-cut, degraded wetland to recover, and of the success rates of mangrove restoration. Established in 2014, it’s one of the world’s longest-running such projects, and has now become the first to use mangrove carbon credits to protect its blue forests. These theoretical business models should be tested and further expanded. There are a lot of benefits related to mangrove restoration (as stated before), which could, in theory, be commercially exploited. Many effective mangrove restoration projects, like the mentioned one in South India, have been conducted through an approach of ‘learning by doing’. This project involved the expansion of an existing mangrove forest on the seaward side of a dike system estimated planting capital and recurrent costs at approximately US$41 per hectare of mangrove planted, at 2009 price levels. Since 2002 CEC has been part of a team of coastal scientists and engineers working on the … Next to the physical conditions, the governance setting around the restoration activities is very important. For example, to gain successful mangrove restoration at a larger scale and to limit uncoordinated fragmented initiatives it is necessary for governments to develop proactive coastal management plans to protect, enhance, restore and create mangrove forests. This will also reduce or even avoid the cost of restoration and planting schemes. There is a massive mangrove die-back due to changes in the hydrological system, which is sometimes caused by natural events, but is more often the result of human interference with the natural hydrology (Erftemijer and Teunissen, 2009). There are a lot of benefits related to mangrove restoration (as stated before), which could, in theory, be commercially exploited. This can be done for the same costs as planting alone. This estimate includes planting costs and the cost of thinning (removal of certain plants to improve the growth rate and health of the remaining plants) from year six onwards. In addition, a crucial condition for successful restoration of mangrove forests is the support and involvement of the local community. The tidal movement of water is not disturbed by breakwaters; it is actually the roots of the mangroves that reduce the velocity of the water and capture sediment. Roy R. “Robin” Lewis III, has over 40 years of experience in seagrass meadow and mangrove forest mapping, management and restoration in the USA and twenty-two foreign countries. They are located mostly along tropical coastlines and some subtropical coastlines (see figure 1). There is a need to combine the technological, economic and social knowledge on mangrove restoration, to make mangrove restoration more successful (CANVAS workshop). We elaborate on these three below. Pertinent areas of mangrove ecology, biology and social science are included to combat specific challenges such as very high salinity, or over-harvesting of mangrove wood. Through this local sedimentation capitation, coastal erosion is diminished and with that stabilization of the shorelines takes place, Large scale restoration activities are happening less. World mangrove distribution in 2000 (Wikipedia, 2013), Key words: Mangroves, working with natureDelta Facts: Sand Nourishment, Managed Realignment. Deltares is concerned with several mangrove restoration projects. Involving local stakeholders right from the outset, this process encourages the mitigation of mangrove stressors and the facilitation of natural regeneration where at all possible. However, over 80% of these projects failed. These relate to the involvement of local communities, the use of pilots, and adaptive management structure and learning-by-doing approaches. Benefits of mangrove restorationMangroves are very productive eco-systems; they provide benefits in different ways for many parties. 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