According to the secretary of the German Oriental Company (who was the author of the document and who was present at the meeting), Borchardt "wanted to save the bust for us". [32] The results were published in the April 2009's Radiology. [36][47] In 2009, when the bust was moved back to the Neues Museum, the appropriateness of Berlin as its location was questioned. [13][14] German authorities have also argued the bust is too fragile to transport and that legal arguments for repatriation were insubstantial. Without it, she would not be fit for the artistic and political projection that remains foundational to her posthumous reception. This statuette depicting the pharaoh Amenhotep IV (later called Akhenaten) and his queen, Nefertiti, exemplifies the unique developments that took place in Egyptian art of the Amarna Period. On view at The Met Fifth Avenue in Gallery 135. Aidan Dodson charts the career of this remarkable queen, a hard-headed pragmatist who became a forgotten - and possibly murdered - king. . [33] The scan revealed that Thutmose placed layers of varying thickness on top of the limestone core. A testament to her staying power in popular culture, Nefertitis likeness continues to be reimagined by contemporary artists around the world. The Met Collection API is where all makers, creators, researchers, and dreamers can now connect to the most up-to-date data and images for more than 470,000 artworks in The Met collection. Receive our Weekly Newsletter. Up to this point, Egyptian representations of the human body had, over the course of a millennium, changed very little. In fact, Nefertiti largely disappeared from the historical record by the 12th year of her husband Akhenatens reign, when she was around 30 years old. Possible interpretation: unification of Upper and Lower Egypt As mentioned above, there have been a number of theories related to the scenes carved on this palette. In 1912, a team of German archaeologists led by Ludwig Borchardt were trawling the ancient Egyptian city of Amarna when they uncovered a series of stone busts. Horoscope March 2023: get ready for a legendary month, 10 of the most erotic, explicit accounts on Instagram, The sexiest flesh-baring Instagram accounts you need to follow, Rihanna for Vogue Arabia, November 2017. Their tombs required the most extensive used of sculpture. Nefertiti (c. 1370-1330 BCE) was an Egyptian queen and the Great Royal Wife of Akhenaten, an Egyptian pharaoh. If you have comments or questions about this object record, please complete and submit this form. Casting his own face onto that of Nefertiti, Lahlou collapses artist and muse in order to consider the queens image as a nostalgic symbol of femininity. Altogether, her full name means beautiful are the beauties of Aten, a beautiful woman has come. According to surviving images of Nefertiti, she had beauty in spades. She might exfoliate with Dead Sea salts or luxuriate in a milk bath -- milk-and-honey face masks were popular treatments. Nefertiti is also shown in a variety of roles, including driving chariots, attending ceremonial acts with Akhenaten, and smiting enemies. The Nefertiti bust is identified as her likeness because of the characteristic blue crown, which she wears in all other inscribed depictions of her. She could apply incense pellets to her underarms as deodorant, and floral-. Neferneferuaten Nefertiti was the queen of the 18 th-century dynasty of ancient Egypt. Two- and three . Egyptologists have therefore speculated that Nefertiti may be one of the unidentified bodies recovered from the caches of royal mummies in the Valley of the Kings. It is one of the most-copied works of ancient Egypt. But some believe she secretly took her husband's place as pharaoh after he died. [39] The bust returned to the Neues Museum as its centerpiece when the museum reopened in October 2009.[15][40][41]. [20][21] The pupil of the right eye is of inserted quartz with black paint and is fixed with beeswax. [35][49][50] The Egyptian Minister for Culture, Farouk Hosny, declared that Nefertiti was "not in safe hands" and although Egypt had not renewed their claims for restitution "due to the good relations with Germany," this "recent behaviour" was unacceptable. Its even been suggested that Nefertiti herself sent chemists out to harvest galena leaves and refine the formula for kohl to grant her additional spiritual protection. 67108. To gain a more in-depth understanding of queen Nefertiti, read on to learn 11 facts about her life. During Akhenaten's reign, the new capital of Amarna achieved an artistic boom, distinct from any other era in Egypt. By delivering variations of Nefertiti that appeal to our modern color-coding of blackness, brownness, and whiteness, Wilson asks that we determine what is at stake in dispelling or confirming Nefertitis racial identity. Akhenaten and Nefertiti, The Brooklyn Museum of Art . Egyptian Funerary Texts and Painted Coffins Funerary books provided guidance for the dead to reach the afterlife safely. The uncovering of Nefertiti's bust was well-timed. [29] Gardner's Art Through the Ages and Silverman present a similar view that the bust was deliberately kept unfinished. Omissions? Archaeological chemists examining Egyptian mummies have noted that the signature black, swooping eyeshadow worn by Nefertiti was packed with toxic lead-based chemicals, potentially serving as a means of fighting bacterial infection during periods when the Nile would flood. Love, sex and marriage in ancient Egypt The bust went on display at a museum in Berlin in the 1920s and immediately attracted worldwide attention, causing Nefertiti to become one of the most recognizable and, despite a missing left eye, most beautiful female figures from the ancient world. [54], Athena van der Perre, The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Ab innis. In his plaster bust I used to be Nefertiti (2014), French-Moroccan artist Mehdi-Georges Lahlou asserts a kind of intimacy between himself and the sovereign. A German archaeological team led by Ludwig Borchardt discovered the bust in 1912 in Thutmose's workshop. Despite the little surviving evidence we have of Nefertiti, there is enough to build a picture of the remarkable woman who made an impact on the ancient world. Two years earlier, the discovery by Howard Carter of her stepson Tutankhamuns tomb sent western Europe into a frenzy: fashionable women were slicking back their hair and wearing jewelled scarab brooches, and the Art Deco style took direct cues from the regimented decorative schemes of ancient Egyptian art. [4] Nefertiti bore six daughters to Akhenaten, one of whom, Ankhesenpaaten (renamed Ankhesenamun after the suppression of the Aten cult), married Tutankhamun, Nefertiti's stepson. The bust was displayed in Berlin's Neues Museum on Museum Island until the museum was closed in 1939; with the onset of World War II, Berlin museums were emptied and artifacts moved to secure shelters for safekeeping. She is believed to have ruled beside him for 14 years. The elements of art are components or parts of a work of art that can be isolated and defined. Medium: Limestone. Queen Nefertiti Painted limestone 18th Dynasty 1375-1357 BC Realistic, with heavy lided eyes, slender neck, determined chin and pure profile under her heavy crown. Van der Perre, 'Nefertiti's last documented reference for now' F. Seyfried (ed. "[15][43] While the bust was under American control, Egypt requested the United States to hand it over; the US refused and advised Egypt to take up the matter with the new German authorities. Plus, they said in the video that these two are the only people with direct access to the god (s). Learn how to distinguish the main features of art from the reign of Akhenaten from earlier and later Egyptian art. The Amarna style showed movement and figures of more exaggerated proportions, with elongated hands and feet. Instead of elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, in art you have these building blocks: Line Shape Form Space Texture Value Color Artists manipulate these seven elements, mix them in with principles of design, and compose a piece of art. In NefertitiMiles Davis (2017), Erizku continues to connect Nefertiti with black culture, this time by transporting her to the 1970s, disguised as a disco ball. Jenna Gribbon, April studio, parting glance, 2021. However, in 1138 BCE, she disappeared in mysterious circumstances. Nefertiti is well-known today for a life-size bust that shows her wearing a crown. Smudging the difference between mannequin and bust, Genzkens incorporation of high-fashion goods complicates Nefertitis glamour and self-possession, as if to suggest that she is as much a commercial icon as she is a historical one. Jenna Gribbon, Silver Tongue, 2019, The Example Article Title Longer Than The Line. "Life-sized painted bust of the queen, 47 cm high. [31], The bust has become "one of the most admired, and most copied, images from ancient Egypt", and the star exhibit used to market Berlin's museums. It was moved to the Reichsbank in Frankfurt and shipped in August to the U.S. Central Collecting Point in Wiesbaden, where it was put on public display beginning in 1946. Artist : Unknown ( I personally picture a hipster caveman ) Date: Circa between 24 000 and 22 000 BC. Swiss historian Henri Stierlin, author of several books. The old state temples were closed and the court transferred to a purpose-built capital city, Akhetaton. The Amarna Period is known for its religious iconoclasm. Nefertiti was one of Egypt's most famous queens. Nefertiti's images almost always show the queen with graceful features; high cheekbones, slanting eyes, arched brows, a full mouth, and a slender neck. She holds a BA in Art History with a minor in Studio Art from Wofford College, and an MA in Illustration: Authorial Practice from Falmouth University in the UK. [38], The bust became an influence on popular culture, with Jack Pierce's make-up work on Elsa Lanchester's hairstyle in the film Bride of Frankenstein being inspired by it. This neon Nefertiti denies the viewer eye contact, drawing us in while keeping us at a distance. Facsimile by Charles K. WilkinsonTempera on paper, Dimensions: A sponsor of the excavation lent the sculpture to the Neues Museum in Berlin in 1913, where it has been housed ever since. Shape Grade Level: K-4 100 Years of the Nefertiti Discovery, (Berlin, 2012), pp. Hawass wanted Germany to lend the bust to Egypt in 2012 for the opening of the new Grand Egyptian Museum near the Great Pyramids of Giza. In the Theban temple known as Hwt-Benben (Mansion of the Benben Stone; the benben was a cult object associated with solar ritual), Nefertiti played a more prominent role, usurping kingly privileges in order to serve as a priest and offer to the Aton. "[23], According to David Silverman, the bust reflects the classical Egyptian art style, deviating from the "eccentricities" of the Amarna art style, which was developed in Akhenaten's reign. Although nothing is known of Nefertitis parentage, she did have a younger sister, Mutnodjmet. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/557811. "[6] Nefertiti may have become a pharaoh in her own right for a short time after her husband's death. [3] It is currently on display at the Neues Museum in Berlin, where it was originally displayed before World War II.[3]. false (Photo: Stock Photos from Vladimir Wrangel/Shutterstock). Historians have gleaned that Nefertiti was a major proponent of Akhenaten's religious and cultural movement. Nefertiti is well-known today for a life-size bust that shows her wearing a crown. [14][19], The bust is 48 centimetres (19in) tall and weighs about 20 kilograms (44lb). Similarly unheard of was the symbolic precedence given to Queen Nefertiti in the art of the Amarna Period. used elements of queen nefertiti - Brainly.ph Used elements of queen nefertiti 1 Advertisement kimtaehyung58 Answer: So we are born to be alone so we are boorn to be alone but why we still looking for love ilove you wanna sex need girl ilove you pizut kayu Advertisement Advertisement The wife of the 'heretic' king Akhenaten, Queen Nefertiti is today one of the most iconic of all ancient Egyptians, thanks to her painted bust revealed to the world in 1923. Nefertiti's glory resurfaced on December 6, 1912, when German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt uncovered her now iconic bust among the ruins at Amarna. [53] In 1999, the bust appeared on an election poster for the green political party Bndnis 90/Die Grnen as a promise for a cosmopolitan and multi-cultural environment with the slogan "Strong Women for Berlin! [16], While Philipp Vandenberg describes the coup as "adventurous and beyond comparison",[17] Time magazine lists it among the "Top 10 Plundered Artifacts". Nefertiti and the royal family appeared on private devotional stelae and on the walls of nonroyal tombs, and images of Nefertiti stood at the four corners of her husbands sarcophagus. This theory is now discredited. An artwork or artistic style devoted to representing subjective emotions and experiences instead of objective or external reality is known by what term? Art at the Time. ", "Thutmose's Bust of Nefertiti (Amarna Period)", "When Ancient Artifacts Become Political Pawns", The Associated Press:Egypt antiquities chief to demand Nefertiti bust, "Nefertiti's Bust Gets a Body, Offending Egyptians", "Nefertiti's Bust Gets a Body, Offending Egyptians: A Problematic Juxtaposition", "BUST OF NEFERTITI, FOIA Results by CosmoWenman", "A German Museum Tried to Hide This Stunning 3D Scan of an Iconic Egyptian Artifact. [9], The bust was found on 6 December 1912 at Amarna by the German Oriental Company (Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft DOG), led by German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt. [12] Another theory suggested that the existing bust was crafted in the 1930s on Hitler's orders and that the original was lost in World War II. Hitler opposed the idea and told the Egyptian government that he would build a new Egyptian museum for Nefertiti. His innovations were centred upon a new religion based on the worship of Aton, or the sun's disk, which Akhenaton elevated above . Nefertitis parentage is unrecorded, but there is strong circumstantial evidence to suggest that she was the Egyptian-born daughter of the courtier Ay, a maternal uncle of her husband, Akhenaton. She had lost none of her charisma and appeal. Akhenaten and Nefertiti ruled over the possibly wealthiest period in Ancient Egyptian history. We do know that Nefertiti had a younger sister named Mutbenret (or Mutnodjemet), who is mentioned in the surviving art of Amarna. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. A relief of a royal couple in the Amarna style. At the same time, it is also an eloquent witness to . Figures have variously been attributed as Akhenaten and Nefertiti, Smenkhkare and Meritaten, or Tutankhamen and Ankhesenamun. Bust of Nefertiti, Queen Consort of Akhenaten, 18th Dynasty, Egypt (Photo: Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons). They are intelligent and industrious, using their striking appearance and talents to achieve positions of influence: Iman launched a cosmetics label catering to women of colour back in 1994, while the runaway success of Fenty Beauty and Fenty x Puma pay testament to Rihannas entrepreneurial instincts. She is portrayed as an iconic woman who is graced with beauty, elegance, wit, power, charm and all other things that many women could only dream of. The German Oriental Company blames the negligence of Lefebvre and points out that the bust was at the top of the exchange list and says the deal was done fairly. Instead of being portrayed as a scaled-down female figure standing behind her husband, Nefertiti was frequently presented at the same scale as Akhenaten, a bold artistic choice denoting her great importance and influence in court. The Amarna Period (1353-1336 BCE) saw a real change in Egyptian Art. "In the middle, this wonder, Nefertiti, will be enthroned," Hitler said. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. (Ay even became pharaoh himself after King Tut's death in 1323 BCE.) The artists said the project, called Body of Nefertiti, was an attempt to pay homage to the bust. You must see it. Line is an element of art that is used to define space, contours and outlines. [48], The French language book Le Buste de Nefertiti une Imposture de l'Egyptologie? They will be equipped to address . A Family Altar From Akhetaten. It was a face so extraordinarily lifelike, he believed for a moment he had uncovered a human body. Beyond this, it's become pretty clear that rather than dying as Akhenaten's queen, as it used to be thought, Nefertiti actually survived him as a fully-fledged female pharaoh, one of the tiny number of such women who have existed over the years. The creases and the bump on the nose are leveled by the outermost stucco layer. [39], In 2016 a freedom of information request was made to the Egyptian Museum for access to a full colour scan of the bust that had been made by the museum 10 years prior. ", "A 3,500-Year-Old Queen Causes a Rift Between Germany and Egypt", "Archaeological Controversy: Did Germany Cheat to Get Bust of Nefertiti? the kind and queen of Spain Hieronymus Bosch was a Surrealist painter from the 1920s. The immense wealth of the Egyptians meant precious stones, today reserved for the most opulent fine jewellery, were regularly crushed and ground as bold, eye-catching pigments. She believes that the sunshade temple at Kom el-Nana, excavated in the 1980s and '90s, is Nefertiti's. Through her research, Williamson has identified thousands of sandstone . Its this belief that left us with the legacy of extraordinary objects from Egyptian antiquity that populate museums across the globe, thanks to their love of durable materials like gold or precious stones and their knack for preservation, with many objects sealed away in air-tight tombs until their modern rediscovery. Other academics speculate that Nefertiti was a princess from the Mitanni kingdom in northern Syria. The Nefertiti bust has become a cultural symbol of Berlin as well as ancient Egypt. According to historical records, Nefertiti had six daughters with Akhenaten by the names of Meritaten, Meketaten, Ankhes-en-pa-aten, Neferneferuaten-tasherit, Neferneferure, and Setepenre. Hawass also claimed that Thutmose had created the eye, but it was later destroyed. Students will be introduced to one of the basic elements of artlineby analyzing types of lines used in various works of art to help students understand how artists use line to convey movement and mood. The Bust. She represented the female element of Aten while her husband represented the maleand both acted as a bridge between Aten and the Egyptian people. [39] It was permanently donated to the museum in 1920. Rogers Fund, 1930, Accession Number: [15][35], In December 2009, Friederike Seyfried, director of Berlin's Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection, presented to the Egyptians documents held by the museum regarding the discovery of the bust, which include a protocol signed by the German excavator and the Egyptian Antiquities Service. From France, the art of nail treating was transferred to the United States. An elegant portrait bust of Nefertiti now in Berlin is perhaps one of the most well-known ancient sculptures. A limestone bust of Egypt's queen Nefertiti is on display at the Neues Museum, Berlin. Amarna style, revolutionary style of Egyptian art created by Amenhotep IV, who took the name Akhenaton during his reign (1353-36 bce) in the 18th dynasty. by the sculptor Thutmose, because it was found in his workshop in Amarna, Egypt. [11], In March 1945, the bust was found by the American Army and given over to its Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives branch. [22] The ears have suffered some damage. [10] Some 500,000 visitors see her every year. Her body has never been found. The face is completely symmetrical and almost intact, but the left eye lacks the inlay present in the right. After presiding over ancient Egypt with unprecedented power, Queen Nefertiti mysteriously vanished from the historical record in 1336 B.C. In the early 21st century attention has focused on the Younger Lady found in the tomb of Amenhotep II, although it is now accepted that this body is almost certainly too young to be Nefertiti. Nefertiti has become one of the most famous women of the ancient world and an icon of feminine beauty. Each element was sculpted separately to be later assembled into one statue. Pushing back against Western claims on Nefertiti, African artists have been making their own arguments for the queens ethnic and national belonging. --Queen , refers to the Great Royal An unfinished head of Nefertiti. As part of. Some historians, having considered her reliefs and statuary, believe that Nefertiti may have acted as queen regnanther husbands coruler rather than his consort. The pharaoh Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten to reflect his worship of a sole god, the Aten. Nefertari was the main wife of pharaoh Ramesses II and her tomb with its vivid wall paintings is one of the most beautiful tombs in Egypt. In his fifth regnal year, the pharaoh began his religious movement and renamed himself Akhenaten. Her name in English means the beautiful woman has come. When she and her husband Akhenaten initiated the shift in Egypt's religion, Nefertiti adopted the additional name of Neferneferuaten. Nefertiti bore six daughters within 10 years of her marriage, the elder three being born at Thebes, the younger three at Akhetaton (Amarna). Students who can identify the elements and evaluate their role in the composition of a work of art will be better able to understand an artist's choices. Sculptures from the Egyptian Era + Symbolic elements were widely used such as forms, hieroglyphics, relative size, location, materials, color, actions and gestures. [39] In the 1950s, Egypt again tried to initiate negotiations, but there was no response from Germany. [13][44] According to Kurt G. Siehr, another argument in support of repatriation is that "Archeological finds have their 'home' in the country of origin and should be preserved in that country. The Aten cult afforded a special place to royal women, especially Nefertiti, who was linked with Akhenaten and the Aten in a divine triad. Original from Egypt, Upper Egypt, Thebes, Valley of the Queens (Biban el-Malikat), Tomb of Nefertari (QV 66), facsimile: h. 70 cm (27 9/16 in); w. 46 cm (18 1/8 in), Egyptian Wall Paintings: The Metropolitan Museum of Art's Collection of Facsimiles, Khaemwaset Overseeing his Estate, Tomb of Khaemwaset. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Today it sits pride of place in its own room at Berlins Neues Museum, a timeless vision of female beauty recreated over the decades and referenced by some of the worlds most iconic women. Upon its discovery in 1912, the portrait immortalized Nefertiti as the symbol of ideal feminine beauty and continues to be a popular attraction at the Neues Museum in Berlin. As part of these reforms, the Pharaoh and his wife were consecrated as the only direct link to this god, and along with this radical shift in religious culture came a reshaping of the aesthetic identity of the rulers, appropriate for this new status. [19], Dietrich Wildung dismissed the claims as a publicity stunt since radiological tests, detailed computer tomography and material analysis have proved its authenticity. [52], In 1930, the German press described the bust as their new monarch, personifying it as a queen. The plaster slab features imprints of an archetypal Egyptian Pharaoh and fossil-like impressions of the Nefertiti bust alongside doorknocker earringsa staple of African-American urban fashion. Beneath the specifics of her make-up regime and aesthetic preferences, it seems that even ancient Egyptian queens were just like us. In works of art Nefertiti is shown in equal status to the king, perhaps functioning as more of a co-ruler, as opposed to the traditional role of queen. The Bust of Queen Nefertiti. Realistic,with heavy lided eyes, slender neck, determined chin and pure profile under her heavy crown. a British woman spent 200,000 trying to reshape herself as the Beauty of the Nile. Minerva Magazine. The Amarna Period is characterized by religious and artistic innovation. As a medium that doubles as an advertising tool, neon lights are often used to intrigue consumers. The name of the king, written hieroglyphically as a catfish and a chisel, is contained within a squared element that represents a palace facade. The bust of Nefertiti is perhaps one of the most iconic and copied works of ancient Egyptian art in the world and with . [17] In 1918, the museum discussed the public display of the bust, but again kept it secret at the request of Borchardt. Here Nefertiti continued to play an important religious role, worshipping alongside her husband and serving as the female element in the divine triad formed by the god Aton, the king Akhenaton, and his queen. facsimile: h. 70 cm (27 9/16 in); w. 46 cm (18 1/8 in)scale approximately 1:3framed: h. 73.7 cm (29 in); w. 49.5 cm (19 1/2 in), Credit Line: expressionist Who is shown in this detail of Las Meninas? Berlin-based artists Nora Al-Badri & Nikolai Nelles, on the other hand, converted their ideas about Nefertiti into action. Counterpart to the bust of the king from p. Paintings show her being worshipped alongside her husband in a way that was unusual for Egyptian queens. Akhenaton and Nefertiti under the sun god Aton Bronx-born artist Fred Wilsons 1993 project Grey Area (Brown version) offers five iterations of Nefertitis bust in a spectrum of skin tones. [4][7], The bust of Nefertiti is believed to have been crafted about 1345BCE by the sculptor Thutmose. The vivid wall paintings represent elements of the spiritual journey that the Queen's spirit would have made through the underworld in order to finally rest with the god Osiris. Some also propose that Nefertiti actually served as the female pharaoh Neferneferuaten, whom Egyptologists know was a female ruler who ruled toward the end of the Amarna Period. [21][23] Zahi Hawass, former Egyptian Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs, suggested that Thutmose created the left eye, but that it was later destroyed. In the documents, the bust was listed as a painted plaster bust of a princess, but in his diary, Borchardt clearly referred to it as the head of Nefertiti. As consort to Pharaoh Akhenaten the couple ruled from 1353 to 1336 BCE during one of the most contentious periods of Egypt's cultural history. Relief dates to after the former king's death, c. 1335 BCE. As part of the Met's Open Access policy, you can freely copy, modify and distribute this image, even for commercial purposes. A radar survey around the tomb of Tutankhamun in Egypt's Valley of the . In an untitled 2012 work by Isa Genzken, the first in the Nofretete series (201218), Nefertiti appears as weve never seen her. The concept of a royal portrait. ca. Most artists created artworks that are natural and seemingly real, highlighting the features of their subjects. Although Nefertiti and Akhenaten governed Ancient Egypt at a time of unprecedented wealth, their new religion unsettled the empire. Two years earlier, the discovery by Howard Carter of her stepson Tutankhamun's tomb sent western Europe into a frenzy: fashionable women were slicking back their hair and wearing jewelled scarab brooches, and the Art Deco style took direct cues from the regimented decorative schemes of ancient Egyptian art. 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The statue of Queen Nefertiti is one of the most famous examples of ancient art, depicting the image of one of the most beautiful women of antiquity. Author of. Use your arrow keys to navigate the tabs below, and your tab key to choose an item, Title: The museum declined the request citing impact on gift shop revenue. It was found in what had been the workshop of the sculptor Thutmose, along with other unfinished busts of Nefertiti. In 1923, the bust was revealed to the public in Borchardt's writings; in 1924, it was displayed to the public as part of the Egyptian Museum of Berlin. "She was the Cleopatra of her time. An element of art that is in and around objects in a composition (and can also show depth) is called space.