I Love You, Alice B. Toklas is a 1968 American romantic comedy film directed by Hy Averback and starring Peter Sellers. her talent was great pains and a remarkable palate.". The mature Stein would go to the Christian every time. In fact, she liked this explanation, and for nearly twenty years it remained our convention. Thomson adds: It was not until after Gertrudes death that Alice said one day, You and Gertrude had it settled between you as to why Jews dont make up their quarrels, and I went along with you. Baby does not experience orgasms but wants cuddling. This is a remarkable reversal of roles: outside the bedroom Toklas does all the workshe is cook, housekeeper, typist, secretarybut in bed it is Stein who labors; she calls herself the best cow giver in all the world.). Gertrude wrote more than two dozen books and plays, but most people have read only The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas and, perhaps, Three Lives. Murder in the Kitchen is part of the Penguin Great Food series, featuring excerpts from various books to do with food. However, Toklas did not approve of it, as it was heavily annotated by Poppy Cannon, an editor at House Beautiful magazine. "Nicely ugly," . 21 Does smelting sand give xp? But now Ive found a better reason for it. She began to have young menif not young geniusesof her own. The shows, which run through Sept. 6, shed new light on Stein's life, the art she and her siblings amassed, and the relationships she had with Alice B. Toklas and other loved ones. The two met at the University of Washington at an acting class and now have a son together. The practical spirit is an essential but unlovable spirit. She is something between a Mexican bandit and one of those Egyptian infiltrators who used to cross over into Israel and murder the children of the kibbutzim in their beds.. if Miss Toklas were the narrator. On September 9, 1910, Alice B. Toklas becomes the lifetime house mate of avant-garde writer Gertrude Stein. The Office fans may be obsessed with Dwight's relationship with Angela Martin but in real life, Rainn Wilson has been married to actress Holiday Reinhorn since 1995. The Alice B. Toklas LGBTQ Democratic Club is a political organization founded in San Francisco in 1971. DUNCAN: perhaps made her strive toward certain social or cultural objectives? There is another story illustrating lifes funniness that Stein might have told in Wars I Have Seen. In July, 2003, a few weeks after this magazine published an article about Stein and Toklass experiences in wartime France, an accusatory letter appeared in its letters column. She didnt need people the way Gertrude did. It was frightening when the first comet I saw made it real that the stars were worlds and the earth only one of them, she wrote in Everybodys Autobiography. Dead is dead, she wrote in The Making of Americans, her astonishing anti-novel that pushes its major characters aside in favor of an infinite number of unnamed persons whom she attempts to classify, and who resemble shades. [3], W. G. Rogers wrote in his memoir of the couple, published in 1946, that Toklas "was a little stooped, somewhat retiring and self-effacing. But Paul now says, Well, cest normal. And every character is a foil for Steins ultra-importance. Her own sexual feelings, Dydo writes in her 2003 book Gertrude Stein: The Language That Rises, always have a babyish and cuddly tone. We werent very interesting, were we?. But she is not writing Three Lives; she is writing a book about how amusing life around Gertrude Stein is. When a young Californian named Roland Duncan interviewed her in 1952 and cautiously approached the subject of Steins Jewishness, he was smartly slapped on the wrist: DUNCAN: Do you think possibly that [Stein] felt that there was any cultural or religious minority which would have set her apart. "She ran the house, ordered the meals, cooked on occasion and typed out everything that got written into the blue copybooks that Gertrude had adopted from French schoolchildren. : 2 (Kindle Locations 44876-44877). Toklas remains the dour ugly crone to Steins handsome playful princess. Izieu is about 20 K from Belley and 30 K from Culoz. 24 Where is the tallest building in the world? The former contained a recipe for fudge made with marijuana or hashish, which, she said, "anyone The words rabbi and Jew are entirely absent from the autobiography. Op-Ed | The first wife, Yvonne, plays no role in Toklass biography; the second, Roubina (Toklas called her the Armenian), plays a large one. In 1954, Toklas published The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook, a book that mixes reminiscences and recipes. "I liked the man alright, but why did the woman have a moustache?" Picasso painted this pleasant portrait of his Parisian pal. If Miss Stein dominated the couple's salon, Miss Toklas seemed to command Miss Stein. [ 1][ 2] Seu pai, Feivel (mais conhecido como Ferdinand) Toklas, casou-se com Emelia Levinsky. You must understand, she was suddenly in the midst of all those people arriving and making a fuss over her. Every morning for an hour she manicured, buffed and painted her finger . Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas in France, 1944. to let Miss Stein scintillate in public, while she operated the household. This grandfather was the rabbi of Ostrow, a small city near Kalisz, the cradle of the Tykociner, who were my ancestors. Alice served as the doting wife and, later, keeper of the legacy, and the two immediately bonded and remained . Donald Windham notices that as she chews artichokes in a restaurant she is unaware that the oil [is] running down her chin. Doda Conrad, also watching Toklas eat, likens her to a little voracious, ravenous animal throwing itself on its food, eyes fixed on the other half of the bite she has just swallowed for fear that it might escape! Toklass efforts to secure Life Everlasting may have succeeded, but her hopes of being kindly remembered on earth have fallen short. The rabbis son had emigrated to San Francisco in the middle of the last century, where he had married a small Spanish Jewess, a great beauty. She no longer sat with the wives of geniuses. Flanner was also privy to Toklass remarkable idea that she would be reunited in Heaven with Stein, who, as a genius, had been spared the fate of her fellow plain-dead Jews and was waiting for her there. Its a royal gift and its overwhelmingly beautiful. My mother talked to Gertrude about it and Gertrude said, No way. The subseries Alice B. Toklas - Outgoing is made up of letters by Alice Toklas written to a variety of friends during the two decades following Gertrude Stein's death. , Joan Chapman told me how her family became acquainted with Stein and Toklas. . Alice B Toklas and Gertrude Stein were two Oakland girls that met and fell in love in Paris. She had a kind of genius for it. Alice Babette Toklas (- ) was an early twentieth-century Parisian avant-garde member and the life partner of American author Gertrude Stein. She adored flamboyant hats, gypsy earrings and impeccably-tailored clothes. The music duo discusses poetry, popularity, and pain. Miss Toklas was small and wispy and at one time had brown hair, which she wore bobbed and with bangs. aris, March 7--Alice B. Toklas, the longtime friend of Gertrude Stein, who helped the late writer preside over a celebrated literary salon, died In 1876, Ferdinand Toklas married Emma (Emelia) Levinsky and they had two children: Alice and her brother Clarence Ferdinand (1887-1924). With the publication in 1933 of Gertrude's The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, a fictional autobiography, both women became celebrities. It was no wonder that Alice was jealous of everyone, male or female, who came too close. (Ulla Dydo, in the course of trying to decipher a hermetic piece called An Elucidation, through the study of Steins notebooks, came to a surprising conclusion about Stein and Toklass sex life. Alice was petite with large, dark eyes and a downy mustache on her upper lip. Hemingways line is the sort of macho showing off that one expects of him and only half believes. The San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted in 1998 to rename a block of Myrtle Street between Polk Street and Van Ness Avenue in San Francisco as Alice B. Toklas Place, since Toklas was born one block away on O'Farrell Street. The two fell instantly in love and remained together for the next 39 years, until Stein's death. This along with the spices should be . Conrad writes of his chance encounter with Toklas in the early nineteen-fifties: Waiting in line in front of a cinema on the Avenue de lOpra to attend the presentation of Marc Allgrets film about Andr Gide (to which I had been invited), I found myself standing behind an odd little woman. We can get rid of him. Use Beard Trimming Scissors to trim longer hairs. But they are not written in stonefor all their granite legal languageand they can be bent to subvert the wishes of the writer. The we leaps off the page. A film by Maira Kalman & Alex KalmanStarring Maira Kalman as Alice B. ToklasThe Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas by Gertrude Stein illustrated by Maira Kalma. Im no fool, Stein once said in reply to a students question about her line Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose. I know that in daily life we dont go around saying is a. . Stein and Fa met in 1926, and became so close that Alice Toklas ultimately referred to Fa as Stein's "dearest friend during her life." For Stein, who not only acquired friends with ease but just as quickly dropped them, the twenty-year friendship with Bernard Fa was indeed an anomaly. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas is Stein's unique way of answering that cry without giving up her theories of the new forms of writing. . [17], Wilson, Scott. Arts | "Small or not, she was steel, absolutely," Mr. Lescher recalled. Toklas was educated in local schools, which included the Mount Rainier Seminary, and attended the University of Washington where she studied piano. She would stop when instructed by Stein . Site Search | Instead, she went to Paris with Harriet Levy, a girlhood friend, at the suggestion of Michael Stein, Gertrude's brother. . Now listen! At their Paris homes they gathered a dazzling array of the famous, the ambitious, the wealthy and the curious--Ernest Hemingway, Carl Van Vechten, T.S. By writing in Toklass voice, Stein made herself speak a more conventional English than the English she speaks in the hermetic works, but what the audience liked about the book wasnt merely that it could understand it. He was adorable, she said. Three years ago, Miss Toklas was evicted from her apartment and went to live in the Rue de la Convention. Anything confidential was never mentioned by phone. . Was this devotion to kin an object of Steins never quite extinguished Jewishness? This gave her the illusion of eating the best food Paris had to offer and of offering her visitors sherry of noble origins. But Sutherlands own fears are not about fancy foodthey are about Catholic dogma. When her mother became ill, the family moved back to San Francisco. [13][14], Toklas has been portrayed on-screen by Wilfrid Brambell in the 1978 Swedish film The Adventures of Picasso, by Linda Hunt in the 1987 film Waiting for the Moon;[15] by Alice Dvorkov in the 1993 television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles;[16] and by Thrse Bourou-Rubinsztein in the 2011 film Midnight in Paris. "[4] James Merrill wrote that before meeting Toklas "one knew about the tiny stature, the sandals, the mustache, the eyes," but he had not anticipated "the enchantment of her speaking voicelike a viola at dusk. It seems likely that Toklas in her remarks to Thomson maintained her customary distance from her tribe, and that Thomsonnot realizing that Toklas was a Jew with explanationsinterpolated the we. Toklas was hardly the only Jew to pretend she wasnt one. Fictionalized portrait of one of history's great literary couples: Stein & Toklas. As she grew into her role of modernist genius, the Jewish question seems to have faded from her consciousness; the vehemence of her reaction to Nenas wish to adopt Manfred Iudas was a piece of momentary atavism. Posterity has not dealt kindly with Steins alter ego. Site Index | With the influx of Americans after World War I, "the lost generation," the salon took on an international character and became an institution. At the end of the paper, Stein writes, So long as the Jews keep themselves isolated so long are they bound to be subject to persecution to a greater or less extent. Her style, in sharp distinction to Miss Stein's convolutions, I marvel at the extent to which I got involved, Conrad wrote. In that case, she said, what is the question?". Alice was all sort of spiky. Waiting for the Moon: Directed by Jill Godmilow. Toklas called letter-writing her work, and she did it extremely well. Thank you so much. Alice Babette Toklas (- ) was an early twentieth-century Parisian avant-garde How much does it cost to take the road test in Florida? Toklas began staying with Stein and Leo in Paris in 1909, then moved in permanently in 1910. She had a penchant for great hats and cool earrings. As many of the paintings appreciated greatly in value, Stein's relatives took action to claim them, eventually removing them from Toklas's residence and placing them in a bank vault while she was away on vacation. Early in the book, she writes of a servant named Hlne who worked for Stein and her brother Leo in the early days of the Rue de Fleurus salon: Hlne stayed with the household until the end of 1913. Jews, Thomson said, are always breaking up with their friends while Christians make up after quarrels. . Miss Stein a Wow; Her Lectures a Sellout She's Such a Hit. (They sent checks, of course.). When weve had enough of someone we can get rid of him. Alice B. Toklas was a forward-thinking woman, years ahead of her time. She said in a book I was very nervous when we first met; nervous would be no word for me the second time., Has the magazine dropped from the readers hand? Has anything prepared him for Sutherlands erection? TOKLAS: Never. I think my mother did very much. The writer of the accusatory letter had dated the Izieu raid April 6, 1943, but in fact it took place on April 6, 1944, four months before France was liberated. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. Afterward, Miss Toklas lived alone in the couple's apartment in the Rue Christine, on the Left Bank, an apartment so crammed with paintings and sketches that it was a veritable museum. In her will Stein wrote, In so far as it may become necessary for [Toklass] proper maintenance and support, I authorize my Executors to make payments to her from the principal of my Estate, and, for that purpose, to reduce to cash any paintings or other personal property belonging to my Estate. This would seem to take care of Toklas very nicely. She had this mustache. Story 4: Celebrity Stein. In a letter of 1965, Daniel Stein (for all that he would be a beneficiary of his stepmothers interventions) wrote of Roubina with exuberant malice: she has always been a devious, hypocritical, and thoroughly unprincipled being willing to stop at nothing to achieve her ends, whatever they were. By Layla Eplett on April 20, 2015. (After her conversion, she was quick to assume a Christian identity; the term our Lord Jesus Christ rolled easily off her pen in a letter written the day after her admission to the Church.) Alice was a chain smoker with a slight moustache. Madeleine thinks that if General de Gaulle is not going to save me I had better go to a hotel at once. But even Malraux and de Gaulle couldnt make the impossible possible. Yes. She had written it at an astonishing pace the previous autumn. Alice didn't live to see the movie, as she died the year before it was released, but I hope her estate got a share of the royalties. Nevertheless, Miss Toklas was mainly content Home | Nascida Alice Babette Toklas em So Francisco, Califrnia, numa famlia judia de classe mdia (seu pai fora um oficial do exrcito polons e seu av paterno, rabino ). Alice cajoled and threatened, Flanner writes. When a Christian, on the other hand, knows he has done wrong to anyone, he is obliged in all honesty to attempt restitution; and the person he has wronged must thereupon forgive. Stein took no umbrage at the slyly anti-Semitic comparison. I remember feeling that Alice had another look on us. Samuel Steward, who met Toklas and Stein in the 1930s, edited Dear Sammy: Letters from Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas (1977), and also wrote two mystery novels featuring Stein and Toklas as characters: Murder Is Murder Is Murder (1985) and The Caravaggio Shawl (1989). Job Market | He rhapsodizes over the modernist masterpieces that entirely fill the walls of the salon, the luxe silver tea service, the dainty sandwiches and ptisseries, the atmosphere of exquisite hospitality. Then he writes: We immediately became friends, and she took me into her confidence, as if Alice had discovered in me someone with whom she could speak as an equal, which it appeared she had been unable to do for a long time. Toklas." The painting collection did not maintain and support Toklas in her fragile old age; in fact, in April, 1961, while she was away at a spa in Italy taking a mud cure for arthritis, it was seized from her apartment. She wrote numerous . For some in the gay community coming out in the 1980s, moustaches were an iconic symbol of identity. This is also attested by Miss Toklas's autobiography and that of Miss Stein. He worries about Toklass worry that her plan of meeting Gertrude in Heaven will go awry unless palms are greased. Within a few years, it became one of the centers of Paris's intellectual life. She was reared, she wrote, in "necessary luxury" and learned to play the piano well enough to think of a concert career. It was included in the second American edition and became popular within the 1960s counterculture movement. Medical researchers find my genetic mutation endlessly fascinating. Weather | According to Catholic dogma, the unbaptized Stein is in Limbo. The papers span the years 1837-1961. She had endless specialities, but her chicken dishes were especially magnificent. His name was Manfred Iudas, he was 5 years old, he was German, he only spoke Spanish! Sutherland was part of the group led by the forceful Doda Conrad that looked after the destitute, aged Toklas. ', "Miss Stein leaped to her feet and bounded off into the corridor.". . The mustache should partially cover the upper lip, but the hair should not be in your mouth. What did Alice B Toklas write? Is she the impossibly premptive Jewess she sounds like, or something else? Linda Simon is a reserved, soft-spoken professor of English literature at Skidmore College who is as far as it is possible to be from the pushy yenta of Sutherlands imaginings. Kindle Edition, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:21, "Strangers in Paradise: How Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas got to Heaven", "Alice B. Toklas Life Stories, Books, & Links", "Go Ask Alice: The History of Toklas' Legendary Hashish Fudge", "This Day in Jewish History | 1967: Gertrude Stein's Lesbian Lover, Hash Brownie Publicist, Dies in Penury", "Paving the Way for Gays: S.F. is a. 1935, when Miss Stein was giving a shipboard interview to a group of reporters in New York. She had beautiful brown eyes, she had lovely hands. Steins heartlessness (and her boy had died) is like the heartlessness of Hilaire Bellocs Cautionary Tales for Children. The author of Three Lives isnt really indifferent to the agony of a mother who has lost her son. Third-Party Letters, which close out this series, for the . "She went all over Paris to find the right ingredients for her meals. [citation needed], In 1963, Toklas published her autobiography What Is Remembered, which ends abruptly with the death of Stein. . Oh, yes. With Linda Hunt, Linda Bassett, Jacques Boudet, Andrew McCarthy. On September 8, 1907, the day after she arrived in Paris, she met Gertrude Stein. When did Gertrude Stein meet Alice B Toklas? She gives the appearance, in short, not of a drudge, but of a poor relation, someone invited to the wedding but not to the wedding feast. What Toklas wont go into and what Gertrude wouldnt ever let me mention is the looting of bibelots, linens, and utensils from the apartment on Rue Christine during the pairs wartime absence. Sutherland and Toklas are having their conversation about Hemingway at her apartment, but it is not the elegant flat to which Doda Conrad came for tea and from which Roubina snatched the great paintings. [citation needed], Toklas's later years were very difficult because of poor health and financial problems. This incident was not mentioned by Miss Toklas or by Miss Stein in their published writings. Automobiles | On this point the young and the mature Stein do not agree. They remained lifelong partners until Stein's death, with Alice serving as the doting wife, and later, keeper of her legacy. For a short time she also studied music at the University of Washington. A year later, when Joan Chapman was visiting America, I met with her and questioned her about the incident of the Jewish child. She looked like a witch. But, given that the childs safety was not at stake, it was not such an extraordinary thing for Steinor for any Jew (practicing or non-practicing)to say. June 12, 2015. 2023 Cond Nast. The audience recognized that it had been given something truly originalthe work is as advanced and experimental, as wild and subversive as the most advanced and experimental and wild and subversive of Steins works. Gertrude was right, of course, to believe that when a Jew dies hes dead. And thats exactly why Jews dont need to make up. Gertrude saw us because she was boredshe had to see somebody. Paul Genin is ninety-eight and still owns property near Bilignin. ), Gertrude had been precise about how her funds were to be spent, but, unaccountably, Poe proved to be an obstructionist and parsimonious in fulfilling her wishes, of which he seemed to disapprove, although it was none of his business, Flanner wrote in her piece of December, 1975. San Francisco, California, U.S. How did Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas meet? She told the writer Janet Flanner, in all seriousness, that she had been baptized in childhood when a Catholic friend of her parents sprinkled her with holy water. A resourceful neighbor called the French police, who were able to dispatch the Gestapo men by asking them for requisition orders that they did not have. In 1876, Ferdinand Toklas married Emma (Emelia) Levinsky and they had two children: Alice and her brother Clarence Ferdinand (18871924). Toklass financial difficulties derived from Gertrude Steins will. Are you Gertrude Stein? Nena asked. But it didnt. Actress: Soylent Green. There is no doubt, however, that he and Janet Flanner were the chief support of Toklas in the sad final years of her life. The secret of In many ways, Alice B. Toklas had been preparing to write a cookbook all her life. She found reason to think that Stein regularly gave Toklas orgasmscalled cows in the notebooksbut received none herself. The second boy exemplified the fat we cut off when we compose a lean narrative. Stein was the naughty child who wants to have fun no matter what, and Toklas was the grownup with tightly compressed lips. . She looked like a witch. [9][10] She died in poverty at the age of 89, and is buried next to Stein in Pre Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, France;[11] her name is engraved on the back of Stein's headstone. It was, indeed, the same style in which Miss Stein had written her autobiography in 1933. It might be unpublishable anyway.". Several instances of Miss Toklas's influence have been recorded. Ulla Dydo and Edward Burns agreed that Steins advice was inexplicable and terrible. How did you know these are just my favorite flowers? Then she went to get a vase. When she was twenty-two, she wrote a paper for a Radcliffe writing class in argumentative composition entitled The Modern Jew Who Has Given Up the Faith of His Fathers Can Reasonably and Consistently Believe in Isolation. Isolation means no intermarriage with an alien, the young Stein wrote, and went on, The Jew shall marry only the Jew. She flattens them as perhaps no biographer has ever flattened a character before or since. The minor characters of biography, like their counterparts in fiction, are less tenderly treated than major characters. In recent years, however, a dispute over the conditions of the art collection and the sale of some of it caused the art to be placed in a Paris bank vault. Together they had a house where they hosted several artists and writers such as Picasso. Toklas was able to fend off the eviction for another year, but in November of 1964 it took place. Use Beard Trimming Scissors to trim longer hairs. Is anyone from the office dating in real life? Alice B. Toklas (1877-1967) was Stein's life partner. "I sat next to her," Miss Toklas wrote, "and she said to me early in the afternoon, What is the answer? The orphanage, the correspondent wrote, was not far from Stein and Toklass house in Culoz, and, in the light of this history, Steins comment in Wars I Have Seen about becoming frightened only after the American soldiers arrived and she began hearing what had been happening to others is somewhat hard to believe. I spoke to the Stein scholars Ulla Dydo and Edward Burns about the troubling question this letter raised, and they suggested that I write to someone in Paris who might be able to answer it. The threat of eviction had been hanging over her for many years, but she disregarded it, thinking she could beat it. Alice was a chain smoker with a slight moustache. She looked lost, with her invitation, and seemed not to know which ticket booth to go to. A cache of letters between Stein and a rabbi may be discovered that will cast a whole new light on Steins Jewish identity. National/N.Y. Five months after the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Toklas left the city and moved to Paris. Here she is thanking the American journalist W. G. Rogers for a gift parcel she received from him and his wife, Mildred, in March, 1947: I went into the bed room and there was the packageI was so excited I forgot my exhaustion and boredom and opened it feverishly (but carefully undoing the string). Unlike the flat characters of fiction (as E. M. Forster called them), who have no existence outside the novel they were invented to ornament, the flat characters of biography are actual, three-dimensional people. "What would Alice have been without Gertrude?" (When the police arrived, the Gestapo men were in Steins bedroom trying on her Chinese coats.) Sutherland cannot spare her the robe on which she has dribbled. (Porcelain and other fragile objects were her delight, just as pictures were Gertrude's. 'Say good by to your guests. "From 1927 or '28 she also worked petit point, matching in silk the colors and shades of designs made especially for her by Picasso.". Then on Sep. 30, 1951, Fa escaped from a French prison. She had a beautiful face. The painting collection remained in place. She was bedridden and arthritic, and her sight and hearing were much impaired. Published by Random House, "The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas," related Miss Stein's life as if Miss Toklas were the narrator. [8] The cookbook has been translated into numerous languages. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed. Take 1 teaspoon black peppercorns, 1 whole nutmeg, 4 average sticks of cinnamon, 1 teaspoon coriander. Pablo Picasso, Juan Gris, Carl Van Vechten, Thornton Wilder, Ernest Hemingway, Bernard Fa, W. G. Rogers, Francis Roseher great friends (and ultimately, in some cases, great enemies) were goyim. Toklas' life-partner, with whom she lived in Paris for nearly 40 years, was the American writer Gertrude Stein. I did something that should have been unpardonable: I gave the bouquet to Alice at the door as one would give it to a maid who would then fetch a vase for it. In the last decades of her life, Toklas was sought after for her many stories about her famous friends and acquaintancesand enemiesincluding F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest . She was supported by a fund gathered from writers and old friends and administered by Janet Flanner (Genet), The New Yorker correspondent in Paris, Mr. Thomson and Doda Conrad, an old friend. Alice's father, Ferdinand, half of Toklas, Singerman and Company, had opened the "San Francisco . Poe sent money in driblets, and in 1954 Alice, who was desperate, finally sold about forty Picasso drawings without informing Poe. When Roubinawho was keeping a beady eye upon the pictures in the interests of her minor childrendiscovered that the drawings were gone, she began the legal proceedings that ended in the raid on the apartment.

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